What Is The Difference Between Morality And Ethics

What Is the Difference Between Morality and Ethics? By Gordon E Newman | Submitted On April 12, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Gordon E Newman What is the question? Both ethics and morality assist is in answering the question: What should I do? We are faced with this question all the time. Too often we make important decisions without giving enough time or process to reaching the best answer. Why not? Often we simply don t know how to make such decisions. Sometimes we ignore them and hope they will go away, sometimes we follow the advice of others, sometimes we just guess. If we wish to be responsible for our own future and our own decisions we should spend a little time thinking and trying to make a good decision, a better decision than simply choosing the easiest answer. So, ethics and morality assist us in answering the question: What should I do? Do they provide the same answer? No. Which is the better approach and why? What is the difference between morality and ethics? Many of us confuse ethics and morality, many people use them interchangeably. But they are very, very different, related but different. The difference is crucial when makingShow MoreRelatedMorals and Ethics1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand Ethics in Society Kalob Lisk Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on July 14, 2016, for Thomas Santangelo’s B406 Business Law and Ethical Behavior course. Morals and Ethics in Society Morals and ethics in society play major roles in our lives and our work environments and I am more than happy to write this research paper to help explain the similarities and its key differences. And this research paper will also include where both morals and ethics derivedRead MoreSummary Of Morality Play And Harrison Bergeron1215 Words   |  5 Pagesdecisions have outcomes: good or bad. But what determines whether it is good or evil? Everything can have consequences, however, it can be positive or negative. If someone went through a red light, they can get a ticket (negative) so in order to put them in a good direction, they would not repeat their mistake. In order to understand these terms, ask yourself; what does it mean to do what you want and what you are allowed? Ethics is having rules of what others people have conducted. Some examplesRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences Between Different Ethical Theories651 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Ethic s: The main aim of any ethical theory is to do what is right and good since it involves moral rules or acting based on specific ethical values. In certain cases, the right and good as well as the ethical rules and values are sometimes common to various ethical theories. Even though ethical theories have different reasons for application, there is an overlap in these theories that result in similar conduct in an ethical situation. There are various ethical theoriesRead MoreHenry : What Are You Doing? Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesHenry: what are you doing in my class Socrates? Socrates: I come to learn from your fountain of knowledge. Henry: Tell me my dear Socrates, what you want to know? Socrates: Is there any difference between ethic and morality. This matter has been bothering me and I want to know your view about it. Henry: Socrates do you think there is any difference between ethics and morality? Socrates: Yes, but it seems the same to me my dear friend. Henry: â€Å"The most common way of defining ethics are normsRead MoreInformation Communication Technology Ethics823 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology Ethics | Reflections | This document contains the reflections on all topics and lectures taught in the class mentioned above. | | Reflection (1) Philosophy amp; Ethics; â€Å"allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too naà ¯ve to know better†. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see â€Å"the consequences of our views†, because what we think amp; know might not be right â€Å"inconsistent†. 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Ethics can be defined as â€Å"well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues [and] ethics refers to the studyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Foucault And Today1166 Words   |  5 PagesKarlton Ruf Professor General Philosophy 28 June 2015 The Ethics of Foucault and Today Ethics has been studied from different spectrums throughout time whether political or moral based, a collective or individual effort, philosophers have studied theses values based on what is right and wrong. One thinker who is not commonly seen as a philosopher but referred to in countless works is Michel Foucault. Michel Foucault was a French historian and Philosopher and is known more for his works of â€Å"historiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Spinoza And Nietzsche s Spinoza 1699 Words   |  7 Pages doesn t make up a morality, for a very simple reason: he never asks what we must do, he always asks what we are capable of, what s in our power, ethics is a problem of power, never a problem of duty. In this sense Spinoza is profoundly immoral. Regarding the moral problem, good and evil†¦he doesn t even comprehend what this means. What he comprehends are good encounters, bad encounters, increases and diminutions of power. Thus he makes an ethics and not at all a morality. This is why he so struckRead MoreVirtue, Ethics and Morality in Business Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesVirtue, Ethics and Morality in Business To understand, virtue, ethics, and morality we must first understanding there meanings. According to Boatright, â€Å"†morality and ethics are interchangeable; however, they have some subtle differences.† (Ethics and Conduct of Business, Boatright) Webster’s Dictionary describes ethics as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; a set or moral principles. Webster’s Dictionary describes moral as of or relating to

The Israel-Palestine Conflict Essay - 1002 Words

The Israel-Palestine Conflict The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a part of the greater Arab-Israeli long-running conflict in the Middle East. The main point of this conflict is the existence of the state of Israel and its relations with Arab states and with the Palestinian population in the area. The idea and concept of Israel was born in the mid 19th century. Jews of Europe and America wanted a place for their homeland, where they could go and be with others of the same race and religion. Palestine was chosen because of its religious routs from The Bible as the â€Å"promised land† from God, and the motherland of Jews fled, known as the Diaspora. By the late 19th century there was†¦show more content†¦By 1918 both Jews and Arabs believed that they had the right to rule themselves in their own land – Palestine. However, at the end of war Britain regretted to give independence both Arabs and Jewish. Palestine became a territory governed by Britain. Increased Jewish immigration led to the worsening of the relations between communities. Jews were purchasing land and would not employ Arab workers, who may have been working on that land for their whole life. Britain tried to restrict the immigration of Jews, but because of the strong Jewish lobby in it’s own and US governments could do nothing. And with the massive increase of Jewish immigrants following the Nazi persecution in Europe, the idea of restricting immigration lost its sense. Palestine became a refuge from the dictatorship of the Nazis for Jewish. After the end of World War II horrible information about Holocaust fled the world. Thousand of Jews from labor camps had no home to return to. All this caused sympathy for the Jews. In 1947 United Nation General Assembly issued resolution #181 according to which Palestine was divided into three parts: an Arab state, a Jewish state and an InternationalShow MoreRelatedIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1303 Words   |  6 Pagesborders between Palestine and Israel have been unfair. The Israeli people have taken a majority of the Palestinians land. This had caused conflict between these two territories for years. The Israel and Palestine conflict has been going on for many decades and nothing seems to be able to solve this issue. All because the Israeli government is very stubborn. They are not willing to make a compromise in this situation. The main issues between the Palestinians and the Israelites are; Israel has been unfairRead MoreConflict With Israel A nd Palestine Conflict Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesgets put on the â€Å"back burner† is the conflict with Israel and Palestine. I believe this is because the Israel and Palestine conflict has gone on for so long. So the question is how do you stop the Israel and Palestine conflict? What is a solution? Is there a solution? Over 116,000 Israelis and Palestinians have been killed since the beginning of this bloody conflict. This has to stop. There needs to be a resolution. To give you a little background on the conflict. Jews and Arabs have been at each other’sRead MoreThe Israel-Palestine Conflict3449 Words   |  14 Pages30-40% remained opposed for religious, nationalist or security reasons. Palestinians supported ongoing attacks against Israel not to overthrow the government or take over the country and drive out the Jews, or because of irrational hatred of Jews and Israel, but only because of the continuing military occupation and expansion of settlements. Camp David didnt fail because of Israel but because according to the most pro-Arab primary account (Agha Malley) Arafat walked out after having said no toRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine968 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the conflict between Israel and Palestine has been going on for decades and decades, tensions appear to be growing once again due to Israel’s plan of building at least 1,000 housing units in East Jerusalem. Since East Jerusalem has been chosen to be the capital of Palestine, housing Israelis in the eastern part would certainly threaten the viability of the future Palestinian State (Fox News). Seeing that this new conflict has the potential for escalation, Jordan immediately called for anRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine Essay2089 Words   |  9 Pages The conflict between Israel and Palestine has raged on since Israel s founding in the 1940s, the solution to this problem is not always straight forward or clear. It seems lik e everyone has formed their opinions and are stuck in their ways. The United Nations has even seem to accept the conflict as a certainty and for a large part does not wish to address it (Baker). However just because this problem is complex doesn t mean there is no hope for a solution. This conflict is generally seen as aRead MoreConflict Between Israel And Palestine1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe big question we ask ourselves today is, will Israel and Palestine ever agree to stop fighting? The conflict between Israel and Palestine has been traced all the way back to 1948 through 2005 in The Israel Palestine Land Settlement Problem, written by Charles Rowley and Jennis Taylor. However, this conflict did not end in 2005. This article was written in 2006, so anything within the last 10 years is not included. The conflict between the two counties still continues to this day and still remainsRead MoreOverview of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine2176 Words   |  9 Pagesnot at all c ontradictory. There are problems in Israel and problems amongst the Palestinians/Arabs when it comes to achieving peace; to say that Israel is being dishonest in blaming Hamas lack of official recognition of the Israeli state does not preclude the fact that the emerging Palestinian state faces sever internal conflict regarding the direction it wants to pursue in all matters of foreign and domestic policy, and especially the issue of Israel. That you think these two situations cannot coexistRead MoreThe Israel Palestine Conflict Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship took a turn, causing wars to break out and many unnecessary deaths to occur. Since then, things have changed greatly, and I don’t believe the conflict between them can currently be solved. The friction between these two countries and religions is still increasing, and so is the hostility that’s contained by the Palestinian people. Israel has committed many human rights violations, including killings, b eatings, torture, and shootings at unarmed civilians; this includes children. PalestiniansRead MoreCBA: Israel-Palestine Conflict 688 Words   |  3 PagesThe most essential reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict were geocultural factors. These factors contributed greatly to the contentious argument between both groups because with the geocultural perspective, the religious tensions between Muslims and Jews have resulted in the problematic issue over the holy structures in Jerusalem. The second most contributing factors in the Israel-Palestine conflict were psychological factors. These were the second greatest factors that started the disputeRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israel And Palestine2424 Words   |  10 Pages The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is an endless battle about land that has caused political tragedy, greatly impacted the residents, as well as has caused worldwide attention in international disputes to find a solution for both states. How did the conflict between Israel and Palestine begin and how does the world contribute to this conflict? Due to previously chronicled occasions, there is a great deal of disarray about whose land it truly is. There have been many great lives of both troopers and

The Affordable Care Act Of The United States Essay

The revised affordable care act was intended to solve the everlasting issue of how health insurance would be delivered and how it would be paid for. The ACA requires everyone to have insurance. Public insurance was expanded and private insurance rates were subsidized. There are raises in revenue because of the new taxes surrounding the ACA, and a cut in spending under the nation s largest insurance plan, which is Medicare. Projecting the impacts of fundamental reform to the health care system is filled with complicatedness. This brief describes these reforms and, where possible, documents their initial impact at the ACA’s five-year mark. Our report discusses the key results from that prior reform and what they might imply for the impacts of the ACA. Introduction This report will analyze delivery and payment (financial) models in existence today after the implementation of the ACA. The purpose of this report is to provide information on at least 5 payment models and different types of models that are implemented in the healthcare organizations with our choice of health care industry The Health Maintenance Organizations, well-known as HMO, has made healthcare a reasonably priced for numerous people here in America. What is an HMO? An HMO is an organization where the patient or subscriber is able to choose a medical provider from a list of doctors in a certain medical group. Every medical doctor has signed an agreement to see patients at a reduced rate. This kind ofShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1232 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare reforms have always been a big priority to many presidents of the United States. Every president has been trying to introduce different healthcare reforms to congress but many have not seemed to work. Health is very important, when one thinks about it, health is on par with education on the priority list because both of this factor into economic development. If we do not have healthy citizens that do not have their proper vaccines then our life expectancy is going to decrease. When PresidentRead MoreThe Aff ordable Care Act Of The United States1563 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare in the United States is in a crisis situation. Healthcare costs are rising to the point where people are required to pay their health insurance premiums and deductibles over having enough money to cover groceries to feed the family. It seems our government is at odds in terms of the success with the Affordable Care Act and the outcomes we are witnessing from its’ implementation in our country. Many Americans understand the incentives of having healthcare insurance coverage and the benefitsRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act has brought many changes to healthcare in the United States. Some of the changes brought on by the Affordable Care Act have had a positive impact on society and some have had a negative impact. Some of the positive effects of the Affordable Care Act include better consumer protection and equality, and healthcar e coverage for more Americans. Some of the negative effects include rising insurance premiums and a shortage of doctors. There is also a new set of rules under theRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1373 Words   |  6 Pagespresident of the United States. As he is the president, he implied many new suggestions in the United States, for example, the Affordable Care Act or The Patient Protection also known as Obamacare. The health care reform also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or simply Obamacare became one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the United States since the mid-1960’s.1 This is the first attempt to reform the U.S. Health Care system of the United States since the 1960sRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1616 Words   |  7 Pagesin the United States have revealed that there is an overall inadequacy of health care for low income, homeless, and uninsured individuals (Hwang et al., 2010). Th e government has recognized the lack of healthcare for these individuals. For many years, politicians have been struggling to enact a healthcare reform. Finally, in March 2010 the Affordable Care act was written into law (Hammer, Phillips, Schmidt, 2010). There have been many debates on the pros and cons and how effective this act will beRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States2341 Words   |  10 PagesThe Affordable Care Act Health Policy in the United States Abstract In 2010 during the term of President Barack Obama something needed to be done due to the rise of healthcare costs and the number of people who were uninsured and unable to pay their healthcare bills (ehealthinsurance 2014). United States spent more on healthcare than any other country but yet was only the 34th in life expectancy. These are some of the many reasons why The Affordable Care Act came about and was signedRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act On The United States1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Affects of the Affordable Care Act on the United States Despite the responsibility of healthcare being a power of the states, the national government created a market for privately owned businesses to provide insurance under an  umbrella known as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Obamacare†. Obamacare was primarily comprised of the Affordable Care Act, or AFA. The Affordable Care Act, created by the Obama Administration, was passed in March 2010 under the premise that healthcare should be more available to American citizens.Read MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affordable Care Act is a law that was officially signed by President Obama on March 23, 2010. This was an effort to improve the healthcare system in the United States by increasing the efficiency of how organizations run. The Affordable Care Act has drawn criticism by several healthcare administrators while supporters state that the act has benefited Americans and also has introduced several positive changes. The biggest change is that millions of Amer icans are now covered by health insuranceRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1394 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare in the United States has been a long time journey that dates back decades and we, as a country, are far behind other developed countries who have had universal healthcare for a long time. Today, Healthcare is obtained through employers or by people paying for it by themselves, which is incredibly expensive due to high premiums. Five years have passed since the controversial Obama care, or Affordable Care Act, was signed into law on March 23, 2010. The Affordable Care Act aimed at fixingRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1609 Words   |  7 Pagesrate and instead will continue to put further strain on existing health disparities, and create new ones. In the United States alone, access to healthcare is a crucial topic of discussion principally as the American government continues to create initiatives and legislation such as the 2010 Af fordable Care Act. Although, the United States has come a long way to legally create access to care to all its citizens, there is a disparity in the number of individuals that in actuality receive healthcare due

A Critical Evaluation Of Facial Electromyography †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The A Critical Evaluation Of Facial Electromyography? Answer: Introducation The chief methods employed in the research are Facial Electromyography (EMG) and Facial Coding System (FACS). However, EMG has been extensively used in the research than the latter.This is essential because the latter is an extension of the Facial Electromyography. Facial Electromyography (EMG) According to (Chin Chung, 2004), EMG enables an objective way of differentiating the felt smiles from those perceived to be false. The false smiles describe those that are posed, masked, controlled or unfelt by the sender. On the contrary, felt smiles depict those that are reflecting the true emotional state of the encoder. In other words, they are not controlled by the sender and reflect the actual emotions or feelings of the sender. In the research, it is argued that the distinction can be realized based on the characteristics of both felt and false smiles. There exist several features of the two sets of smiles (Winkielman Cacioppo, 2001). For instance, felt smiles are featured by zygomaticus major muscle activity presence which pulls the mouth corner up, and it lasts between two-thirds of a second and four seconds. Additionally, there is the orbicularis oculi action which describes the muscle that surrounds the eye and which initiates the crow`s feet or wrinkling at the corner of an individual`s eye. However, false smiles both the ones posed devoid of positive emotion, and those which mark an underlying negative effect are featured by the orbicularis oculi activity absence and the availability of activity within other areas of the face. This means that the activity of the orbicularis oculi is absent in false or controlled smiles (Schimidt Cohn, 2001). However, other facial regions are characterized by some activities. Therefore, there can be more than one facial activity at a go resulting from a particular emotion (Matzke, Herpetz, Berger, Fleischer, Domes, 2014). This method in the research suggests that false smiles are distinct from felt smiles since the apex is lengthy, the onset is shorter, and the offset is either abrupt or irregular. It implies that on the contrary, the felt smiles have shorter apex and onset and an offset that is regular (Neff, Ting, Dickinson, Welling, 2005). This can be a sound and significantly reliable basis for their distinction. Recent research shows some extra supportive evidence for the EMG method (Armstrong, Hutchinson, Laing, Jinks, 2007). This additional evidence is that felt smiles are increasingly regular than false ones. This is quite true since the majority of times people experience felt smiles. However, measuring the regularity of the two in a continuum may be a challenge. They include: Indeed emotion evoked and controlled smiles differ quite significantly The study of both decoding and encoding of emotional expressions is essential in holistically studying both the above-mentioned sets of smiles. Methodological review A critical demystification of the EMG method First, this method is used to establish the distinction between felt and false smiles. The method successfully does this in the research by highlighting the characteristics of each of the two sets of smiles. The characteristics exhibited by the two sets of smiles are the chief basis for their distinction (Yang Chow, 2010). For instance, felt smiles are featured by an action of the orbicularis oculi in the face. On the other hand, false smiles are featured by the absence of orbicularis oculi activity although there is activity in other regions of the facial muscles. This implies that the orbicularis oculi action is one of the key facial activities of felt smiles (Hazlett, 2006). Another example given in the research is that there are discrepancies in the temporal nature of the apex, onset and offset of the smiles. However, some of these characteristics may be so close in similarity (Dimberg, Thurnberg, Elmehed, 2000). This implies that sometimes it can be quite a challenge for an individual to clearly and precisely establish the vivid facial activities or facial muscle movements resulting from either felt emotion evoked or voluntary smiles by the sender. As such, it is prudent for an individual to be keen when observing the different characteristics of the two sets of smiles. This method is suggested to be essential in establishing the difference between emotion evoked and controlled emotions in that it is objective and quite reliable (Blanchette Richards, 2013). Put differently; it is the best technique in that is used in explaining the distinction between felt and false smiles. Based on this, the method is widely used in addressing the diverse issues particularly health issues for various patients. Such examples of patients include the elderly, autism spectrum disorder patients and patients who have recently undergone a facial surgery just to mention a few (Rozga, King, Vuduc, Robins, 2013). Evidently, this method is widely applicable in many such cases and even in other non-health scenarios. For example, it may be used in evaluating the difference in the felt and false smiles between or among video game players. Nevertheless, this method may be at times prone to subjectivity (Sloan, Bradley, Dimoulas, Lang, 2002). This means that different observers of the sender may perceive or read the facial expressions differently. Consequently, there will be a likelihood of disparities in the perceptions of the observers. This is about the attributes of the felt and false smiles. One of the chief merits of the EMG method is that there is quite significant evidence backing its reliability that has been availed by several researchers as indicated in the report. Such researchers include Ekman, Friesen and O` Sullivan among others. They have recently provided more evidence to support the further distinction of the controlled and felt smiles in individuals. A recent such evidence is that smiles exhibiting an underlying positive affect can be differentiated from those that mask an underlying negative affect by the use of muscle region activity traces apart from orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major. This further cements it reliability and usage in diverse situations and settings (Cikara, Bruneau, Saxe, 2011). However, this method suffers a major setback. In the research, the EMG definition of the terms false and felt is said to have some limitations. It employs a categorical or limited expressive behaviour view which is subject to some challenges based on some assumptions by Ekman and Friesen. The method assumes that felt smiles can be viewed as accurate and direct emotional state readouts while false smiles are seen as a controlled effort by the encoder to regulate an interaction that is social by showing an emotional state which is variant from the sender`s state. This means that there is the assumption that it is just straight forward to define emotion evoked smiles by just observing the sender1s facial expressions. On the other hand, voluntary smiles are being oversimplified to just depict the deliberate effort by the sender to portray an emotional state that does not match the actual emotional state of the encoder. However, in the majority of the instances, an expression cannot be viewed as simply felt or false (Hess Blairy, 2001). This is because elements of the two can be manifested. For instance, in the research, attenuating either unconsciously or consciously an expression that is emotional and which exhibits the underlying emotional state to adhere to display rules or even showing facial expressions as habits. This means that both the elements of voluntary and emotion evoked smiles can be present simultaneously and hence difficult to distinguish which is which (Bolls, Lang, Potter, 2001). Similarly, the difference between felt and false should not be an oversimplification. This implies that the distinction demystification needs to done from a more comprehensive and diligent perspective. As such, facial expressions at any given time vary on a continuum. According to this method, it is paramount to study the difference between the two sets of smiles from the sender`s side. This implies that the sender can give the observer the vivid characteristics of either of the two sets of smiles by expressing them on the face. However, sometimes the elements of the two sets of smiles can be expressed simultaneously by the sender. Consequently, this may bring about complications in clearly distinguishing the attributes of felt and false smiles. Nevertheless, it is equally essential to evaluate the same from the receivers point of view. Here, the expressive nature of the communicative essence of the expression is considered. This gives the entire assessment of the difference between the voluntary and emotion evoked smiles a holistic approach. That is, all the communicative aspects of the sender`s facial expressions and the interpretation or perception of the receiver to those particular expressions are all considered (Wied, Boxtel, Zaalberg, Goudena, Matthys, 2006). Similarly, for this to be successful, both the sender and the receiver must share symbolic meanings about their expressive communication. Accounting to the method in the research, the association between the process of encoding and the attribution process involved when decoding an affective state is not direct. This means that there is a disharmony between encoding and decoding. For instance, some affective state markers may fail to be decoded by the receiver while several attributes are founded on cues which do not differentiate between variant sender`s side states. As such, this compromises the efficacious process of encoding and decoding the right facial expressions for successful communicative effect. The beginner task in analyzing encoding involved is the selection of suitable EMG parameters to measure facial behaviour temporal attributes. In essence, the first step in evaluating the encoding aspect is the identification of appropriate parameters of EMG to record the temporal feature of facial conduct (Heller, Greinschar, A., Anderle, Davidson, 2011). However, due diligence is indispensable when selecting the applicable EMG parameters to ensure accurate and reliable observation results. Similarly, decoding is equally useful. This is in the sense that absolute care needs to be considered when addressing issues pertaining decoding. However, in decoding, there is scanty data about facial action aspects which may be paramount for the observer. As such, the same parameters used for the sender are applicable in decoding by the receiver. This means that all the parameters employed in the encoding process can be used in the decoding process too. Essentially, this brings uniformity, clarity, and consistence of the measured facial behaviour temporal characteristics. Facial coding system (FACS) It is a facial coding system that is anatomical as explained in the research. This implies that it is a system that is employed in detecting and measuring the facial muscle activity (Alves, 2013). It is immensely embraced due to its applicability in measuring the activity of facial muscles. However, it is more appropriate to use it together with the EMG method to bring out a holistic distinction of felt smiles from false smiles. The system or method is advantageous in describing overt facial expressions. This means that it is suitable for explaining the facial expressions that are apparent (Allen, Harmon, Cavender, 2001). As such, the facial manifestations which are obviously noticeable are well described using this method. However, its use in detecting subtle or concealed movements of the face and evaluating intensity discrepancies is limited and time intensive. This implies that the employment of this method in identifying hidden facial movements is inappropriate and highly futile. As such, it is prudent to use it in detecting blatant movements of the face. This enhances accuracy and efficiency (Dimberg Petterson, Facial reactions to happy and angry facial reactions, 2000). It is quite problematic to relate facial EMG measures and those obtained from scoring face conduct that is clear. This is attributed to the scanty detail of the linkage between observable facial conduct and facial EMG measures. As such, the incomprehensive connection between the two elements poses a challenge when drawing relations between the measures got from scoring obvious facial behaviour and facial EMG measures. However, it is possible to address this setback and bring workability between the two by doing more research on the same. Improvements in the paper and implications for the future research The video records employed in the study should have been evaluated on the dimensions of the sender`s perceived happiness, the smile intensity, and length. This would have provided a more detailed and dynamic information about the encoding and decoding of facial expressions. Additionally, if the study is reproduced the video records should capture holistic videos involving both the sender`s encoding and receiver`s decoding in a simultaneous manner. This way, there will be complete information regarding the facial expressions or behaviour of both the sender and receiver. This will, in turn, promote the reliability of the generated findings and consequently the conclusions too. This is because the two sides of the expressive communication are adequately accounted for. If the study is reproduced, it should incorporate records from the various emotional conditions to fully and comprehensively demystify the difference between felt and posed smiles. Evidently, in the study, only the happiness condition records were employed. As such, this leads to a narrow view in providing information to differentiate between felt and false smiles as well as to satisfactorily explain both the encoding and decoding of facial expressions by the sender and the receiver respectively. In the report, there should have been the use of both self-reports from the senders and observed measures (Gehrickle Shapiro, 2000). This implies that the information about the happiness condition should have recorded by the senders themselves and observers of the expressive communication. According to the study, subjects reported increasingly more happiness while in both the feel condition and in the feel and exhibit conditions compared to when in the pose condition. The combination of the two gives more information and consequently produces highly objective and panoramic findings and conclusions about how the condition is expressed using facial movements. In encoding elicitation, the number of the subjects in the sample was quite small. The actual number was only 30 subjects. Additionally, the subjects were just limited to the female gender and were undergraduates only. The study should have widened the scope or size of its sample test subjects to adequately reflect the target population, in this case, the university students. Also, the gender should have been balanced in the sense that both female and male genders should be part of the study subjects. Similarly, the study should have considered other categories of students at the university such as postgraduates and diploma students too. In decoding task, the subject size is also too small beside the fact that they were undergraduate students too. Here, it would have been prudent to at least double the number from 20 to 40 subjects to provide quite reliable information on the decoding. However, there was a commendable balance between the sexes in the sample subjects. There were ten males and ten females. 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